The Firm as a Total Institution: Reflections on the Chinese State Enterprise
论证中国国有企业与完全机构（如监狱、寄宿学校）的相似性，用四种类型描述其功能与影响，并提出组织完全性的分类框架。
All organizations manifest some features of a total institution; however, no other commercial organization is as close to that metaphor as the Chinese state-owned enterprise (CSE). After establishing the similarity between the CSE and the total institution, the present paper uses four types of total institution to describe the CSE: a work camp, a religious order, a prison and a boarding school. The functions of each of the four for the Chinese system are considered, and individual and group repercussions are assessed. Finally, a typology of organizational totality is proposed, and theoretical implications are drawn.