Competitive advantages exist: a critique of Powell
回应了在战略管理中使用形式逻辑和哲学的问题，通过不同的逻辑分析得出关于竞争优势与超额回报关系的不同结论，主张哲学应用于开启讨论而非说服。
Abstract This response is a plea for considering cautiously the use of formal logic and philosophy in strategic management. In a recent article, logical and philosophical considerations on the relationship between competitive advantage and superior returns led to a pragmatic view of competitive advantage. First, we propose a different logical analysis of the links between competitive advantage and superior performance. Using the same premises, this analysis leads to different conclusions. Second, our commentaries suggest that philosophy should be employed for opening discussions and perspectives rather than as an instrument for conviction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.