Beef and Pork Packing Costs and Input Demands: Effects of Unionization and Technology
用1963-88年数据分析了工会化、技术等因素对牛肉和猪肉加工成本及劳动、资本等投入需求的影响，发现工会虽未显著影响工资，但带来了非工资成本效应，这有助于解释肉类加工行业的技术、结构和地理变化以及工会力量的削弱。
Abstract The effects of unionization, technology, and structural considerations on value‐added beef and pork packing costs and the demand for labor, capital, packaging, and other inputs are analyzed by econometric methods for the period 1963–88. Although unions do not appear to have had significant wage effects over this period (relative to broader U.S. wage rates), significant nonwage cost effects are observed. These nonwage effects help explain the technological, structural, and geographic changes that have occurred in meat packing in recent years which, in turn, help explain the erosion of union strength in meat packing observed over the study period.