Relative Earnings and Giving in a Real-Effort Experiment
通过两阶段真实努力实验，发现竞赛中排名第一的参与者比排名第二的参与者更不愿意捐赠，这一差异在收入随机决定或事后得知捐赠环节时消失，表明该结果源于利他偏好的自我选择。
This paper investigates the relationship between relative earnings and giving in a two-stage, real-effort experiment. In the first stage, four players compete in a tournament that determines their earnings. In the second stage, they decide whether to make a transfer to one or more of their group members. Our main finding is that those ranked first are significantly less likely to give than those ranked second. This difference disappears if individuals learn about the second stage after earning their income or if earnings are randomly determined. This suggests that our main finding is driven by selection based on other-regarding preferences.