TRAIT AND BEHAVIORAL THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP: AN INTEGRATION AND META‐ANALYTIC TEST OF THEIR RELATIVE VALIDITY
整合了领导特质与行为理论，通过元分析检验了领导者特质（性别、智力、人格）和行为（变革型-交易型、定规-关怀）对四种领导有效性标准的相对预测力，发现行为比特质解释更多变异，且行为中介了特质与有效性的关系。
The leadership literature suffers from a lack of theoretical integration ( Avolio, 2007 , American Psychologist , 62 , 25–33). This article addresses that lack of integration by developing an integrative trait‐behavioral model of leadership effectiveness and then examining the relative validity of leader traits (gender, intelligence, personality) and behaviors (transformational‐transactional, initiating structure‐consideration) across 4 leadership effectiveness criteria (leader effectiveness, group performance, follower job satisfaction, satisfaction with leader). Combined, leader traits and behaviors explain a minimum of 31% of the variance in leadership effectiveness criteria. Leader behaviors tend to explain more variance in leadership effectiveness than leader traits, but results indicate that an integrative model where leader behaviors mediate the relationship between leader traits and effectiveness is warranted.