Words, Deeds, and Lies: Strategic Behaviour in Games with Multiple Signals
实验研究多信号博弈中，发送者与接收者如何利用言语和行动信号，发现信号一致时结果更好，信号冲突时更差，且发送者倾向于诚实但程度受博弈类型影响。
We report the results of an experiment in which subjects play games against changing opponents. In one treatment, “senders” send “receivers” messages indicating intended actions in that round, and receivers observe senders' previous-round actions (when matched with another receiver). In another treatment, the receiver additionally observes the sender's previous-round message to the previous opponent, enabling him to determine whether the sender had lied. We find that allowing multiple signals leads to better outcomes when signals are aligned (all pointing to the same action), but worse outcomes when signals are crossed. Also, senders' signals tend to be truthful, though the degree of truthfulness depends on the game and treatment, and receivers' behaviour combines elements of pay-off maximization and reciprocity. Copyright 2006, Wiley-Blackwell.