The Trend in the Rate of Labor Force Participation of Older Men, 1870–1930: A Reply to Moen
回应Moen的批评，重申19世纪末美国老年男性退休和向下职业流动（在职退休）的频率，并指出1940年前官方普查数据因使用“有酬就业”概念而高估了老年男性的劳动力参与。
In the 1986 volume of this JOURNAL we discussed the frequency of retirement and downward occupational mobility (on-the-job retirement) of older men in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. 1 As we noted, study of retirement in the years before World War II is hampered by the lack of data on the labor force status of individuals. Indeed, until the concept of “gainful employment” was replaced by that of the “labor force” in 1940, the official census figures on occupations contained a large proportion of older men and women who by today's standard would be regarded as retired 2 .