Subsidies to New Energy Sources: Do They Add to Energy Stocks?
证明能源生产补贴可能反而增加美国对进口石油的依赖，并指出净能源产量研究因忽略间接能源投入和能源机会成本而存在严重高估偏差。
Energy-production subsidies are, paradoxically, shown to be likely to increase U.S. dependence on imported oil. Standard studies of net energy yields are shown to be seriously biased upward for two reasons. First, many omit indirect energy inputs, which, our input-output calculation shows, probably causes large errors. Second, those studies all omit the energy opportunity costs of nonenergy inputs (e.g., the fuel substituted elsewhere for the labor used to produce energy). We prove that, absent externalities, any fuel-output subsidy which causes an otherwise unprofitable expansion must yield an incremental fuel output smaller than the increment in energy input plus the energy opportunity costs of other inputs.