Funding, Structure, and Management of Public Agricultural Research in the United States
研究美国州农业实验站，发现按公式拨款比竞争性拨款更能提高生产力，管理者深度介入应用研究选题有助提升效率，但会降低前技术研究的产出；前技术、应用科学与推广活动的垂直整合能提高整体生产力。
Abstract Hypotheses about state agricultural experiment stations are investigated. Formula funding is found more productive than competitive‐grant funding, possibly owing to transactions costs of reviewing and misallocations of pork barrel funding. Heavier administrator involvement in problem choice is found to enhance productivity of applied research where approach and product can be well‐specified in advance, but detracts from productivity of pretechnology research where response to individual incentives may lead to more timely adaptations. Stronger vertical integration of pretechnology, applied sciences, and extension activities is found to increase productivity, suggesting the importance of strongly science‐based applied research and practical understanding of pretechnology sciences.