The Effects of Regulation in the Presence of Multiple Unpriced Externalities: Evidence from the Transportation Sector
研究发现，允许单人低排放车辆使用高载客率车道虽鼓励其使用，但加剧了拼车者的拥堵成本，导致政策福利为负，环境收益远不及拥堵成本增加。
In transportation systems with unpriced congestion, allowing single-occupant low-emission vehicles in high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to encourage their adoption exacerbates congestion costs for carpoolers. The resulting welfare effects of the policy are negative, with environmental benefits overwhelmingly dominated by the increased congestion costs. Exploiting the introduction of the Clean Air Vehicle Stickers policy in California with a regression discontinuity design, our results imply a best-case cost of $124 per ton of reductions in greenhouse gases, $606,000 per ton of nitrogen oxides reduction, and $505,000 per ton of hydrocarbon reduction, exceeding those of other options readily available to policymakers.