Organizational Analogy: A Comparison of Organismic and Social Contract Models
比较了组织研究中常用的有机体类比与社会契约类比，指出有机体类比在描述、规范及启发方面存在缺陷，而社会契约类比是更优的分析工具。
June 1980, volume 25 Organizations are frequently likened to biological organisms for purposes of analysis. It is argued that the organismic analogy is deficient on descriptive, normative, and heuristic grounds: that is, it fails to provide a satisfactory picture of organizational reality, entails suspicious implications for organizational change, and impedes organizational inquiry. A historical competitor, the social contract analogy, is proposed to be a superior analytic device.*