The Analytics of the Pricing of Higher Education and Other Services in Which the Customers Are Inputs
建立了一个简单模型，分析顾客作为投入要素的服务（如高等教育）的竞争性定价和配置效率问题，指出按净产出定价能内化顾客间的外部效应。
Many services provide outputs that depend partially on the customers as inputs; the presence of other customers often contributes to the output experienced by each purchaser. Higher education is the premier example; others are legion. The authors provide a simple model that addresses the questions of competitive pricing and allocative efficiency for these types of services. Prices that charge customers for what they get on net (output minus input) from the firm both are competitive and support efficient allocations; these prices internalize the apparent external effects of customers on each other. Few examples of such prices exist in the real world. Copyright 1995 by University of Chicago Press.