Demographic Effects in Demand Analysis: Estimation of the Quadratic Expenditure System Using Microdata
利用微观数据估计完整的二次支出系统，考察人口变量对需求行为的影响，并比较四种纳入人口变量的方法，发现无限制估计的解释力更强。
The purpose of this paper is to estimate a complete, theoretically plausible system of demand equations on microdata, using the rich detail of these data to investigate the impact of demographic variables on demand behavior. The system which we estimate is the quadratic expenditure system (QES) introduced by Howe, Pollak and Wales. We evaluate four methods for incorporating demographic variables into the demand system. Three of these procedures imply parameter restrictions while the fourth does not. Tests on the restrictions imply that, for our data, unrestricted estimation yields significantly greater explanatory power.