The increasing importance of nonfarm income and the changing use of labor and capital in rice farming: the case of Central Luzon, 1979–2003
研究了中吕宋地区农户非农收入增加对拖拉机、脱粒机使用及雇佣劳动替代家庭劳动的影响，发现非农收入促进拖拉机拥有但未显著增加机械使用，同时增加了雇佣劳动，释放家庭劳动力从事非农工作。
Abstract There have been sharp increases in nonfarm income among farm households in Central Luzon for the last few decades. This study attempts to identify the effects of the increasing nonfarm income on the use of tractors and threshers and on the employment of hired labor as a substitute for family labor. We found that while the increased nonfarm income positively affects the ownership of tractors, it has no significant impact on the use of agricultural machines due presumably to the development of efficient machine rental markets. We also found that the increased nonfarm income leads to the increased use of hired labor, thereby releasing family labor to nonfarm jobs.