The Value of Household Labor in Antebellum Northern Agriculture
估计了美国南北战争前北方农业中家庭成员的劳动贡献，发现儿童和青少年的贡献因地区而异，中西部年轻男女从事相同任务，而东北部存在性别分工。
This article estimates the contribution of farm household members to agricultural output in the antebellum northern United States. I reject the hypothesis that children contributed more in the least settled regions. The contribution of young children and teenage females was greatest in the Old Northwest; teenage boys made their largest contribution in the Northeast. In the Midwest young males and females performed the same tasks, namely market production and land clearing, but in the Northeast males were more likely to specialize in market production and females in household production.