Organizational Structure, Communication, and Group Ethics
通过实验研究群体结构（垂直、水平共识、水平平均）和内部沟通如何影响群体对外部被动者的伦理行为，发现水平平均结构最伦理，沟通能改善垂直结构的伦理表现。
This paper investigates experimentally how a group's structure affects its ethical behavior towards a passive outsider. We analyze one vertical and two horizontal structures (one requiring consensus, one implementing a compromise by averaging proposals). We also control for internal communication. The data support our main predictions: (1) horizontal, averaging structures are more ethical than vertical structures (where subordinates do not feel responsible) and than consensual structures (where responsibility is dynamically diffused); (2) communication makes vertical structures more ethical (subordinates with voice feel responsible); (3) with communication, vertical structures are more ethical than consensual structures (where in-group bias hurts the outsider).