Avoiding Ecological Surprise: Lessons From Long-Standing Communities
借鉴生态学、系统分析及四个社区的历史比较，提出将自然资源部分作为社区财产来组织和管理，是避免生态意外（突然且不可预期的环境变化）的关键。
Increasingly ecologists have recognized the importance of sudden and unexpected changes in the natural environment—often called “surprises.” Organizational scholars have not developed a theory of how to avoid ecological surprise. This article suggests one way to develop such a theory. Using ecology, systems analysis, and a historical comparison of four communities, the article concludes that organizing and managing natural resources in part as community property can play a central role in avoiding surprises.