The School Governance Environment in Uttar Pradesh, India: Implications for Teacher Accountability and Effort
研究印度北方邦教师工会和政治关联教师如何影响学校治理，发现由工会成员或有政治关系的教师授课的学生成绩显著更低，原因可能是这些教师努力程度较低。
The school governance environment is an important determinant of schooling quality and thus of development. This article explores how school governance is influenced by teacher unions and teacher politicians by presenting evidence on the political penetration of teachers, the activities of teacher unions and the stances of teachers' organisations on various decentralisation and accountability reform proposals over time. It asks how student achievement varies with teachers' union membership and political connections. Finding that students taught by unionised or politically connected teachers have significantly lower scores, it asks to what extent this negative relationship works via such teachers applying lower effort.