Fear of rejection? Tiered certification and transparency
研究了产品认证机构为何不公开未通过申请者身份，发现这源于卖家避免污名、增强机构市场势力及筛选效率不足，强制透明对买卖双方影响不同。
Product quality certifiers may not reveal the identity of unsuccessful applicants/sellers for three reasons. First, they respond to the desire of individual sellers to avoid the stigma from rejection. Second, nontransparency helps a certifier to increase his market power by raising the stigma from lower‐tier certification. Third, transparency does not help screen among heterogeneous sellers. Strategic complementarities arise as sellers move down the certification pecking order and lead to the stigmatization of the lower tiers. Mandating transparency benefits the sellers but has an ambiguous impact on buyers, who actually become less informed about product quality.