Competition, Externalities, and Input Substituting Technologies
构建了一个竞争技术模型，分析一种替代传统投入的技术在垄断和双寡头市场中的定价与社会福利影响，并识别出当该技术替代产生外部性的投入时能够改善福利的规制措施。
Abstract The period 1997–2000 saw a rapid global consolidation of crop seed companies. The emerging companies are applying genetic engineering to exploit complementarities and substitutabilities between seed and other crop inputs. This article develops a model of competing technologies where one substitutes for a conventional input. A monopolist may cross‐subsidize a technology that substitutes for an input in order to price discriminate between user types. In duopoly, a socially excessive or insufficient share of acres may be subject to an input substituting technology. Welfare improving regulations are identified in the case where a technology substitutes for an externality generating input.