History Lessons Sanctions: Neither War nor Peace
回顾过去一个世纪国际制裁的日益频繁使用，分析其作为替代战争的手段如何通过贸易限制影响目标国行为，并探讨制裁成败取决于成本、目标国反应及他国经济与舆论影响。
This paper surveys the increasing international use of sanctions over the past century. Sanctions are a form of action taken by one state or by collective action to influence another state to change its behavior, as a substitute for welfare. They generally involve restrictions on foreign trade, either of all goods or of specific commodities. Sanctions have generally been imposed by larger countries on smaller countries. Sanctions have had a mixed success rate, depending on the costs imposed on the targeted nation, their response to these costs, and the impact on the economy and public opinion in other nations.