Anarchy and its Breakdown
分析无政府状态作为一种自发秩序，但指出其脆弱性，可能退化为混乱或演变为等级制。通过模型说明，只有当战斗努力的回报递减且收入高于生存底线时，无政府状态才可持续。
Anarchy, defined as a system in which participants can seize and defend resources without regulation from above, is not chaos but rather a spontaneous order. However, anarchy is fragile and may dissolve either into formless 'amorphy' or into a more organized system such as hierarchy. Under anarchy, each contestant balances between productive exploitation of the current resource base and fighting to acquire or defend resources. Anarchy is sustainable only when there are strongly diminishing returns to fighting effort (the decisiveness parameter is sufficiently low) and incomes exceed the viability minimum. These considerations explain many features of animal and human conflict. Copyright 1995 by University of Chicago Press.