Edison, Coolidge, and Langmuir: Evolving Approaches to American Industrial Research
探讨美国工业在上世纪如何支持研发，通过对比爱迪生、库利奇和朗缪尔的方法与成果，说明爱迪生的组织化研发为科学人才推动科技与商业共同进步奠定了基础。
This article considers how and why American industry has supported research and development during the last century. It examines the differences in methods and results of Thomas Edison (inventor-entrepreneur), William Coolidge (General Electric engineer-scientist), and Irving Langmuir (General Electric Nobel Prize winner). The article concludes that Edison's effective use of organized research and development paved the way for scientifically trained people to use varied methodologies to advance science, technology, and commercial interests together.