Family Ownership and Pyramids in the Spanish Market
研究了西班牙市场中家族如何通过间接持股、金字塔结构和交叉持股持有股份，并分析了不同所有者类别下现金流权与控制权的差异及企业专业化程度。
This aim of this article is to describe, in the Spanish setting, family ownership and to explore how families hold their shares (the use of indirect ownership, pyramids, and cross-shareholdings). It also seeks to describe to what extent cash-flow rights differ from control rights and the degree of the firm's professionalization according to every type of owner category, but especially for families.