International Trade with Lumpy Countries
研究国家内部区域间要素分布不均（即“块状性”）对国际贸易模式的影响，发现若要素分布极不均匀，国家整体贸易模式会偏离均匀分布下的预期，且倾向于出口密集使用其分布更不均匀要素的产品。
This paper explores the implications for the pattern of international trade of differences among regions within countries--what the authors call "lumpiness." If factors of production are sufficiently unevenly distributed across regions, then the pattern of trade of the country as a whole may depart from what it would have been had factors been evenly distributed. Thus, lumpiness in the geographical distribution of factors can be a determinant of trade. The authors show in particular that if other determinants of trade are absent, then a country will tend to export the good that intensively uses its lumpier (i.e., more unevenly distributed) factor. Copyright 1992 by University of Chicago Press.