Who is to Blame? Canadian Manufacturers and the Absence of Income Per Capita Convergence
研究20世纪前90年加拿大与美国人均收入未趋同的原因，通过全要素生产率测量和反事实实验，排除了技术依赖、投入价格扭曲或制造业规模不经济等因素。
No significant convergence between Canadian and American income per capita occurred during the first ninety years of the twentieth century. This lack of convergence does not appear to have been due to technological dependence, input price distortions, or diseconomies of scale within the Canadian manufacturing sector. The evidence presented in this paper is based on total factor productivity measurement, statistical testing, and counterfactual experimentation using data from national statistical agencies and firm-level sources. © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.