How important is geography for agglomeration?
量化德国自然地理特征（如资源禀赋和位置）对GDP空间分布的影响，发现地理直接和间接解释约36%的GDP空间变化，但控制集聚经济后净影响仅约7%。
In this paper, I examine the influence of natural geographic features on the location of production in Germany. In particular, I quantify how much of the geographic pattern of GDP can be attributed to natural features such as resource endowments and location (‘geography’). At most, ∼36% of GDP's spatial variation can be explained by direct and indirect effects of geography. After controlling for agglomeration economies and the interaction effect of geography and agglomeration economies, the net influence of geography is only about 7%.