The Poverty of Impoverishment Theory: The Economic Well-Being of the Elderly, 1890–1950
质疑工业化使老年人贫困化的传统观点，利用1890-1950年数据发现老年工人实际工资大幅上升，家庭经济策略提供了相当保障，并解释了社会保障获得广泛支持的原因。
Progressive Ear and New Deal reformers claimed that industrialization impoverished the elderly by degrading older workers. This has become the standard interpretation in popular and scholarly accounts. Data from 1890 through 1950 show that real wages of older workers rose sharply during this peroid and that family economic strategies promised the elderly considerable security. Birth cohort analysis indicates positive age-earnings profiles across the life cycle. Although the elderly benefited from economic growth, security in old age often demanded intrafamilial exchanges. Tensions arising from these transfers may explain the broad popular support Social Security received.