Ballots and bullets: Election riots in the periphery, 1874–1985
研究追踪1874至1985年间边缘地区选举骚乱，发现骚乱呈上升趋势，且在核心国家控制松散时更频繁，对全球自由主义有启示。
Modernisation theory argues that the liberal institutions of the industrialised or Core nations have taken root in underdeveloped or Periphery ones and produced the pacific flowers of political development. Critics of the theory, however, are less sanguine, suggesting that Core institutions represent foreign imports into the Periphery and are viable only when closely managed by Core authorities. The study tracks election riots in the Periphery between 1874 and 1985. An upward trend in rioting is observable. Further, riots occur more frequently during periods of loose control by the Core. The implications for global liberalism are then discussed.