New Technologies, New Skills
以银行计算机化为例，说明自动化并非总是降低技能要求，反而常带来技能升级，员工转向界面和控制职能，需要更多责任、抽象推理和系统思维，并指出管理上的挑战。
While managers tend to assume that the introduction of new technologies will result in a reduction of skill requirements, this is not always the case. On the contrary, there is often an upgrading effect. Using bank computerization as an example, this article shows that automation's effect is to push employees out of product fabrication, towards the periphery of a system of machines, and into interface and control functions. These conditions demand more responsibility as distinct from mere effort, more abstract reasoning as opposed to rote learning, and more carefully nurtured systemic interdependence as compared to the assemblyline type of sequential dependence. This article identifies the managerial challenges posed by these requirements.