The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development
利用32个欧洲国家、3个亚洲国家和美国的数据，研究了创业过程中五个阶段的性别差异，发现跨国性别差异在创业初期和后期最大，部分欧洲转型经济体中女性将创业想法转化为行动的倾向较低，且女性创办的企业存活率低。
Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained using country effects while controlling for individual-level variables. We distinguish between individuals who have never considered starting up a business, those who are thinking about it, and nascent, young, and established entrepreneurs. We use a large international dataset that includes respondents from 32 European countries, three Asian countries, and the United States. Findings show that cross-country gender differences are largest in the first and final transitions of the entrepreneurial process. In particular, some European transition economies are characterized by relatively low propensities of women to convert start-up considerations into start-up activities and low survival rates of businesses started by women.