Value creation in the production of services: a note on Marx
探讨马克思关于服务劳动是否创造价值的观点，指出其认为商业金融资本不创造价值，但通过修正马克思理论，将商业企业视为生产性资本，可更合理地解释服务业的价值创造。
Marx argued that value-creating (productive) labour was labour exchanged against capital, ie, employed as wage labour. Thus capitalist services could create surplus value. But he saw capitalist services as 'insignificant', and in relation to the finance sector argued that because value was created only in production and never in realisation, commerical services were unproductive. Thus Marx predicted that the role of commercial-financial capital would decline vis a vis industrial capital. While he forecast both the growth of the public sector and the later policies of marketisation, he failed to anticipate the future growth of the finance sector. Nevertheless, the discussion of 'commercial capital' in Chapter 17, Volume III of Capital was contradictory and unfinished. By amending Marx to account for the role of commercial businesses as productive capitals in their own right, as well as facilitators of value created elsewhere, a more convincing picture emerges.