The Effects of Intra-individual Goal Conflict on Performance
通过实验室和实地两项研究，发现个体内部目标冲突（如数量与质量、教学与研究）会降低绩效，且这种负面效应不受目标承诺、优先级等因素影响。
Two studies are reported on an aspect of goal setting that has not been explicitly researched to date, namely, intra-individual goal conflict. The first study utilized an experimental, laboratory design using student teams in which conflicting goals ( quantity vs. quality) were assigned. The second study was a correlational, field study of college professors which measured conflict between teaching and research. In both studies conflict was negatively related to at least one performance outcome. This negative association was not mediated by goal commitment, goal priority, goal level or task strategies in either study. In both cases, the main source of the conflict was pressure.