Race, Educational Attainment, and the 1940 Census
研究发现，基于人口普查数据测量的种族教育差距存在缺陷，修正后显示教育差距缩小对1930-1970年黑人与白人收入比上升的贡献从三分之一提高到三分之二。
Decreases in the racial schooling gap have been shown to account for one-third of the increase in the black-white income ratio from 1930 to 1970. But the usual measure of the gap, based on census educational attainment data, is flawed. Data on school enrollment rates and months of school attended reveal that schooling levels of blacks born in the late nineteeth century were far lower than census data indicate. With the corrections proposed, the narrowing of the racial schooling gap explains two-thirds of the rise in the black-white income ratio from 1930 to 1970.