The Human Side of Economic Organization
指出组织经济学中关于物质自利、有限理性和消极机会主义的假设忽视了人际资源在人类动机中的重要性，引入“改善”这一抱负水平假设来扩展交易成本分析，并探讨了对组织边界、子单元设计和雇佣关系的效率含义，特别关注合作作为组织资产。
The assumptions of material self-interest, bounded rationality, and negative opportunism that underlie organizational economics are deficient for many managerial purposes because they underrepresent the importance of interpersonal and other nonmarket resources in human motivation. This paper adds an aspiration-level assumption called betterment that extends transaction cost analysis to include exchanges involving interpersonal resources. Implications are discussed for the efficient design of organizational boundaries, organizational subunits, and employment relations, and special attention is given to cooperation as an organizational asset.