The Economics of Crime Deterrence: A Survey of Theory and Evidence
综述了经济学中关于惩罚的确定性和严厉性对犯罪威慑作用的理论与实证研究，指出经济学家尚未令人信服地证明威慑效果，并提出了未来研究方向。
Economists have generally supposed that certainty and severity of punishment deter crime and have been surprised whenever this is not confirmed by empirical word. This paper gives a number of explanations, consistent with economic theory, as to why there need not be a contradiction here. The empirical work is reviewed with the conclusion that economists have yet to convincingly demonstrate the case for deterrence. In conclusion, a number of potentially fruitful areas for future research within the deterrence paradigm are suggested. Copyright 1988 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG