Savage's Axioms Usually Imply Violation of Strict Stochastic Dominance
证明萨维奇公理通常不蕴含严格随机占优，反而常导致违背；当效用函数值域足够丰富且概率测度具有构造性时，违背必然发生，并给出一个满足所有萨维奇公理却违反严格状态单调性的例子。
Contrary to common belief, Savage's axioms do not imply strict stochastic dominance. Instead, they usually involve violation of that. Violations occur as soon as the range of the utility function is rich enough, e.g. contains an interval, and the probability measure is, loosely speaking, "constructive". An example is given where all of Savage's axioms are satisfied, but still strict statewise monotonicity is violated: An agent is willing to exchange an act for another act that with certainty yields a strictly worse outcome. Thus book can be made against the agent. Weak stochastic dominance and weak statewise monotonicity are always satisfied, as well as strict stochastic dominance and strict statewise monotonicity when restricted to acts with finitely many outcomes.