Intellectual property in plant breeding: comparing different levels and forms of protection
研究了专利和植物品种保护（PVP）两种知识产权制度在植物育种中的福利权衡，发现专利更适合长期高风险研究，PVP更适合传统育种，专利与许可共存方案在所有商业相关领域优于PVP。
Welfare trade-offs between intellectual property (IP) protections provided by patents and by plant variety protection (PVP) are explored. PVP breeders’ exemption weakens IP protection, but may speed the transfer of research gains across firms. A model is developed assuming firms optimise research given existing IP protection. A baseline scenario supporting each system is used to perform welfare analysis, and study how the balance is altered between systems. Survey data suggest patents are more appropriate for longer-term, higher-risk research, whereas PVP is better suited for traditional breeding. A scenario where patents and licensing co-exist dominates PVP in all commercially relevant areas.