Income shocks and gender gaps in education: Evidence from Uganda
利用乌干达各地区降雨量变化作为外生冲击，研究发现家庭收入负向冲击显著降低了小学女生的入学率，且对年长女孩影响更大；在免费教育下，负向收入冲击还降低了女生的考试成绩，但对男生无显著影响。
This paper uses exogenous variation in rainfall across districts in Uganda to estimate the causal effects of household income shocks on children's enrollment and academic performance conditional on gender. I find negative deviations in rainfall from the long-term mean to have negative and highly significant effects on female enrollment in primary schools and the effect grows stronger for older girls. I find no effect of rainfall variation on the enrollment of boys and young girls. Moreover, I find that when schooling is free of charge and both marginal boys and girls are enrolled, a negative income shock has an adverse effect on the test scores of female students while boys are not affected. The results imply that households respond to income shocks by varying the amount of schooling and resources provided to girls while boys are to a large extent sheltered — a finding consistent with a model where parents' values of child labor differ across sexes.