A Simple Model of Voice
构建了一个发言模型，研究群体特征如何影响成员的信息提供。同质群体中，离领导最远的成员最有激励发言，且发言会缓和政策；异质大群体中信息交流受限，沟通反而使政策更极端。
We think of voice as a means of information aggregation within groups operating in a variety of settings. We explore how the characteristics of groups and their leaders influence voice. In relatively homogeneous groups, members farthest away from the leader have the best incentives to provide information, and their voice tends to moderate policy decisions. In large heterogeneous groups where leaders cannot identifY individual members, the possibilities for informational exchange are severely limited, and any communication that exists pushes policies farther to the extreme.