"MISSING WOMEN": REVISITING THE DEBATE
回顾关于“失踪女性”的辩论，更新了全球因资源不平等而死亡的女性数量，发现绝对数上升但占比下降，南亚和中东改善而中国恶化，女性教育和就业机会有助于减少性别偏见，但性别选择性堕胎加剧了问题。
In a series of papers in the late 1980s, Amartya Sen claimed that about 100 million women were "missing," referring to the number of females who had died as a result of unequal access to resources in parts of the developing world. A subsequent debate has refined these estimates using different demographic techniques. In this paper, we review this debate, provide an update on the number of "missing women," and investigate the determinants of current trends in gender bias in mortality. We find that the number of "missing women" has increased in absolute terms, but fallen as a share of the number of women alive. There have been improvements for women's relative survival in most of South Asia and the Middle East, but deteriorations in China. Improving female education and employment opportunities has helped to reduce gender bias, while the increasing recourse to sex-selective abortions has worsened it.