Important or Impotent? Taking Another Look at the 1920 California Alien Land Law
研究1920年加州外籍人士土地法对日裔农民的影响，利用人口普查数据发现该法导致日裔农业活动短期和长期下降，且不能完全由1920年代农业衰退解释。
Opposition to Japanese immigration led to Alien Land Laws that barred Japanese immigrants from buying or leasing farmland. Although there is general agreement that the 1913 California Alien Land Law had little impact, historians and social scientists have differed over the effectiveness of the 1920 initiative, which closed loopholes in the earlier law. Census data show a decline in Japanese American agriculture over the short and long run, which cannot be fully explained by the agricultural downturn of the 1920s. This evidence indicates that the 1920 California Alien Land Law had negative consequences for Japanese immigrant farmers.