Gender and competition in adolescence: task matters
研究瑞典青少年在竞争、利他和风险偏好上的性别差异，发现竞争偏好因任务类型而异：数学任务中男孩更愿竞争，但控制表现和信念后差异消失；女孩更利他且风险规避。
Abstract We look at gender differences among adolescents in Sweden in preferences for competition, altruism and risk. For competitiveness, we explore two different tasks that differ in associated stereotypes. We find no gender difference in competitiveness when comparing performance under competition to that without competition. We further find that boys and girls are equally likely to self-select into competition in a verbal task, but that boys are significantly more likely to choose to compete in a mathematical task. This gender gap diminishes and becomes non-significant when we control for actual performance, beliefs about relative performance, and risk preferences, or for beliefs only. Girls are also more altruistic and less risk taking than boys.