Sources of Intra-Industry Wage Dispersion: How Much Do Employers Matter?
利用BLS行业工资调查数据，发现企业层面的工资差异解释了行业内工资变动的20%至70%，其标准差达到均值的14%，几乎与行业间工资差异相当，且并非随机波动或人力资本回报。
Observed human capital explains less than half of wage variation. In BLS Industry Wage Surveys, establishment-based wage differentials (controlling for occupation) account for 20–70 percent of intra-industry wage variation. This corresponds to a standard deviation in wages of 14 percent of the mean, almost as large as interindustry wage variation. Investigation suggests that establishment wage differentials are not random variations or returns to usual measures of human capital.