Time and Organizational Improvisation
指出对时间的简单理解（如钟表时间视角）阻碍了有效管理，通过即兴概念调和了组织现象中的两种时间二分法，对管理理论者和实践者都有启发。
We argue that effective management action is impeded by a simplistic understanding of time—one dominated by a clock-time perspective. Using the concept of improvisation, we reconcile two major time dichotomies associated with organizational phenomena: clock time versus event time and linear time versus cyclical time. We propose that improvisation offers a means for management theorists and practictioners to overcome these apparent time dichotomies.