The Cost of Grade Retention
利用乌拉圭初中生的行政微观数据，通过断点回归设计发现，因不及格科目超过三门而自动留级的学生，在留级后四到五年内辍学率显著上升、教育成就降低。
This paper uses administrative longitudinal micro data on Junior High school students in Uruguay to measure the effect of grade failure on students’ subsequent school outcomes. Exploiting the discontinuity induced by a rule establishing automatic grade failure for pupils with more than three failed subjects, I show that grade failure leads to substantial drop-out and lower educational attainment even four to five years after grade failure first occurred.