On Measuring Natural Resource Scarcity
指出自然资源稀缺性结论依赖于稀缺性指标的选择，利用对偶理论推导出估算资源原地影子价格的计量方法，并以加拿大金属采矿业为例发现稀缺性随时间显著下降。
Conclusions concerning trends in natural resource scarcity may depend critically on the choice of scarcity index. Unfortunately, the prevalence of vertical integration in natural resource industries has hindered the use of some otherwise desirable scarcity measures. In this paper duality theory is used to derive an econometric procedure for estimating one such measure, the shadow price of the resource in situ. Empirical results for the Canadian metal mining industry indicate that resource scarcity as measured by this shadow price has decreased substantially over time.