The Long-Term Impact of Military Service on Health: Evidence from World War II and Korean War Veterans
利用二战和朝鲜战争期间美军向士兵提供廉价香烟的政策，通过工具变量法证明兵役导致吸烟增加，进而造成退伍军人因心脏病和肺癌过早死亡的比例上升35%至79%。
During the World War II and Korean War era, the U.S. military freely distributed cigarettes to overseas personnel and provided low-cost tobacco products on domestic military bases. In fact, even today the military continues to sell subsidized tobacco products on its bases. Using a variety of instrumental variables approaches to deal with nonrandom selection into the military and into smoking, we provide substantial evidence that cohorts with higher military participation rates subsequently suffered more premature mortality. More importantly, we show that a large fraction, 35 to 79 percent, of the excess veteran deaths due to heart disease and lung cancer are attributable to military-induced smoking.