Managing From Below
论证了通过自下而上的策略和决策实现工人自我管理的可行性，以西班牙巴斯克地区的蒙德拉贡工业合作社系统为例，评估其在就业、劳动关系、组织绩效等方面的表现，并讨论其对美国学者和实践者的启示。
This article makes a case for workers' self-management through bottom-up strategies and decisions. The Mondragon system of 89 industrial cooperatives, operating in the Basque region of northern Spain, is viewed as a worker-designed organizational network that ensures equality as well as efficiency. The criteria for assessing the Mondragon experience include job retention and expansion, healthy labor relations, individual and collective motivation, organizational performance, and wealth creation. The implications of a worker-managed economy for American scholars and practitioners are discussed.