Conditions for Economies of Scope in the Presence of Fixed Costs
建立了范围经济存在的充要条件，考虑了局部成本互补性和产品特定固定成本的影响，并指出在某些情况下固定成本足以产生范围经济，即使存在局部成本反互补性。
This article establishes necessary and sufficient conditions for economies of scope to exist, while taking into account the presence or absence of both local cost complementarity and product-specific fixed costs. In some circumstances the test developed here could show that economies of scope to not exist despite local cost complementarity or, alternatively, despite the existence of fixed costs. Conversely, the test could show that fixed costs are sufficient to generate economies of scope despite local cost anticomplementarity.